How a Covered Call Option works
A covered call pairs stock you already own with a call option you sell on that same stock. You collect premium up front. If the stock stays at or below the strike by expiration, you keep both your shares and the premium. If the stock rises above the strike and you’re assigned, you sell your shares at the strike price; your upside is capped, while the premium adds a small cushion on the downside. Normal stock risk remains.
Long call vs. short call
- Long call (you buy a call): You purchase the right, not the obligation, to buy shares at the strike before expiration. Risk is limited to the premium paid; potential upside can be significant if the stock rises enough to exceed the premium cost. Time decay works against you.
- Short call (you sell a call): You take on the obligation to sell shares at the strike if assigned. You receive premium up front and benefit if the stock is flat or declines. Time decay works in your favor. When the call is “covered,” you already own the shares—this caps your upside but avoids the unlimited risk of an uncovered short call.
Market makers vs. retail investors
In most public options trades, a market maker stands on the other side of a retail order. Rather than holding a fixed 100 shares for every call they sell, market makers dynamically hedge—buying or selling only the number of shares needed to offset the option’s risk (delta) as prices move. This hedging, together with bid–ask spreads and the relationship between implied and realized volatility, is what drives their economics. When realized volatility runs lower than what the option’s price implied, the hedging program tends to produce a net gain; when realized volatility runs higher, those gains can shrink or turn negative.
Toll Booth customers typically treat their stock positions as long‑term holdings and do not trade shares intraday as a hedge. Selling covered calls in this context is best viewed as monetizing an underutilized asset—the shares you already own—to generate systematic income, not as an arbitrage strategy.